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- Always determine Atterberg limits for fine-grained soils.
- USCS uses both grain size and plasticity characteristics.
- Gravel is >4.75mm, sand is 0.075-4.75mm, silt/clay is <0.075mm.
- PI = LL - PL (Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit).
- Shear strength τ = c + σ·tanφ (Mohr-Coulomb equation).
- Use triaxial tests for more accurate shear strength parameters.
- Direct shear test is simpler but has limitations.
- Drained vs. undrained conditions significantly affect results.
- Darcy's law assumes laminar flow in saturated soils.
- k = Q·L/(A·h·t) (constant head test formula).
- Gravels (10^-1 to 10^-3 cm/s) > Sands (10^-3 to 10^-5 cm/s).
- Clays can have permeability as low as 10^-9 cm/s.
- Compaction increases shear strength and reduces permeability.
- Optimum moisture content gives maximum dry density.
- Standard Proctor (12,400 ft-lbs/ft³) vs. Modified Proctor (56,000 ft-lbs/ft³).
- Field compaction should be within ±2% of lab optimum moisture.
| Test |
Purpose |
Used For |
| Proctor Test |
Determine optimal moisture content |
Soil compaction |
| Atterberg Limits |
Classify fine-grained soils |
Plasticity & consistency |
| Direct Shear Test |
Measure soil shear strength |
Foundations, retaining walls |
| Constant Head Test |
Assess permeability in sands |
Drainage and seepage analysis |
| Oedometer Test |
Calculate consolidation rate |
Settlement calculations |