Molarity to Normality Conversion

Convert molarity (M) to normality (N) using the valence factor.

Formula: N = Molarity (M) × Equivalent Factor (n)
For acids: H+ ions, bases: OH- ions, salts: charge

Result

Normality (N): 0

Mass to Normality Conversion

Calculate normality from solute mass, equivalent weight, and volume.

Formula: N = (Mass of solute / Equivalent weight) / Volume of solution (in liters)

Result

Normality (N): 0

Equivalent Weight Calculator

Calculate the equivalent weight of acids, bases, and salts.

Formula: Equivalent Weight = Molar Mass / n
Where n = number of replaceable H+ (acids), OH- (bases), or charge (salts)
Number of H+, OH-, or charge

Result

Equivalent Weight: 0 g/equivalent
Common Compounds
Compound Formula Type n Factor Molar Mass (g/mol) Equivalent Weight
Hydrochloric Acid HCl Acid 1 36.46 36.46
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Acid 2 98.08 49.04
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Base 1 40.00 40.00
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Base 2 74.09 37.05
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 Salt 2 105.99 53.00

Interactive Guide

Learn how to calculate normality and understand the concepts.

Normality (N) is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution. It's commonly used in acid-base chemistry and titrations.

The key formula is:

N = Number of equivalents / Volume of solution (in liters)

Where:

  • For acids: 1 equivalent = 1 mole of H+ ions
  • For bases: 1 equivalent = 1 mole of OH- ions
  • For salts: 1 equivalent = 1 mole of charge

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Normality (N) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

The relationship between them is:

N = M × n

Where n is the number of equivalents per mole (n factor).

Example: For H2SO4 (sulfuric acid):

  • Molarity (M) = 1 M
  • n factor = 2 (because it can donate 2 H+ ions)
  • Normality (N) = 1 M × 2 = 2 N

The equivalent weight is calculated differently depending on the type of compound:

For Acids:
Equivalent Weight = Molar Mass / Number of H+ ions

Example: H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) has 3 H+ ions

For Bases:
Equivalent Weight = Molar Mass / Number of OH- ions

Example: Al(OH)3 (aluminum hydroxide) has 3 OH- ions

For Salts:
Equivalent Weight = Molar Mass / Total positive or negative charge

Example: Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate) has 2 Na+ ions (total charge = 2)

For Redox Reactions:
Equivalent Weight = Molar Mass / Number of electrons transferred

Example 1: Molarity to Normality

Convert 0.5 M H2SO4 to normality:

  1. Identify n factor: H2SO4 can donate 2 H+ ions → n = 2
  2. Calculate: N = M × n = 0.5 × 2 = 1 N
Example 2: Mass to Normality

Calculate normality of a solution with 4.9 g H2SO4 in 250 mL:

  1. Find molar mass: H2SO4 = 98.08 g/mol
  2. Calculate equivalent weight: 98.08 / 2 = 49.04 g/equivalent
  3. Calculate equivalents: 4.9 g / 49.04 g/equivalent = 0.1 equivalents
  4. Convert volume to liters: 250 mL = 0.25 L
  5. Calculate normality: N = 0.1 equivalents / 0.25 L = 0.4 N