How to use this calculator:

1. Enter any three of the four variables (V₁, T₁, V₂, T₂) in the appropriate fields.
2. Select the units for each value using the dropdown menus.
3. The calculator will automatically compute the missing value (if you have "Real-time Calculation" enabled).
4. Alternatively, click the "Calculate" button to compute the result.
5. View the step-by-step solution and graphical representation of the relationship.
6. Use the options in the sidebar to customize your calculation experience.

Tips:

• Temperature in Kelvin cannot be negative. If you enter a Celsius value that would result in negative Kelvin, an error will be shown.
• Volume values must be positive numbers.
• You can toggle between dark and light mode using the button in the bottom right corner.
• Recent calculations are saved in the sidebar for quick reference.

What is Charles's Law?

Charles's Law (also known as the law of volumes) describes how gases tend to expand when heated. It states that:

The volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale when the pressure is held constant.

Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

where:

• V₁ = Initial volume
• T₁ = Initial temperature (in Kelvin)
• V₂ = Final volume
• T₂ = Final temperature (in Kelvin)

Key Points:

• The law applies only to ideal gases (real gases approximate this behavior at high temperatures and low pressures).
• Temperature must be measured in Kelvin for the law to hold true.
• The pressure and amount of gas must remain constant for the relationship to be valid.
• Charles's Law is one of the gas laws that form the combined gas law and ultimately the ideal gas law.

Historical Context:

Charles's Law was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton in 1801.